Last evening I watched the 2006 Lauren Greenfield film "Thin."
Afterwards I read as many of the reviews and comments as I could find
online. Virginia Heffernan's New York Times review,
which referred to the film as “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” for
women, certainly captured my reaction to the movie. I was also taken
with the number of women who posted statements expressing gratitude for
the treatment they received at this facility. Having practiced
psychiatry for forty years and read the critics from Foucault on, I
think it is fair to say this kind of polarization is present, not only
with regard to inpatient treatments for anorexia, but for all
psychiatric treatments. What should one make of such polarized views of a
psychiatric treatment?
I think this is a question that has deep historical and philosophical roots.
On
the same day that I saw 'Thin' I happened to be reading a wonderful
book by Brian Nance, "Turquet de Mayerne as Baroque Physician." I was
particularly interested in his description of the change in the
relationship between the concepts of sign and symptom that occurred
during the nineteenth century. While I was taught in medical school to
accept the term sign as referring to objective finds and symptom as referring to
subjective experience. In the late 16th and early 17th century, when
Turquet de Mayerne was practicing this was not the case. "A signum was
something," Nance points out, "indicative of any hidden process or event taking place in the
body while a symptoma was produced specifically by a disease [Nance,
2001, 72]." For Turquet de Mayerne signs and symptoms had equivalent
epistemological status. For us the data given by signs clearly trumps
the evidence produced by symptoms.
As I see it this shift in the
relative epistemological weights of signs and symptoms indicates a shift
in the weighting of the knowledge produced by the observations of
doctors in relation to the knowledge produced by the experience of
patients. This shift has profound implications. It is baked into every
encounter between a medical professional and a patient.
Most of the time we take this for granted. The doctor reads the x-ray and the patient accepts the results.
In
psychiatry this is more complicated. While a psychiatrist's
observations may be called signs, they are not so obviously of greater
epistemological value than a patient's observations of his/her inner
life. While Freud certainly had no doubts about whose observations were
worth more in his consulting room, to their credit, psychoanalysts have
made real efforts to level the field.
When one speaks about an
inpatient treatment facility for a disorder with manifest and serious
issues of self-deception such as anorexia the gap in the value given to
what therapists see and what patients say grows.
As I see it,
much of the Cuckoo's Nest quality of the treatment portrayed in 'Thin'
arises from the acceptance of this distinction between the treatment
team's perspective and that of the patients. I have worked in facilities
that bear some resemblance to the one portrayed in the film. I can
remember the struggle between wanting to believe that I knew best and
accepting what the patient said at face value. The 'sicker' the patient
the easier it was to opt for the former and dismiss the patient as
'deluded.'
I think that this is a struggle that is unavoidable in
contemporary psychiatry. For individual therapists working with
relatively healthy patients it is fairly easily resolved. For people
working in institutions, like the one depicted in the film, with sicker
patients the pull to doctor-knows-best is and will remain hard to
resist.
We can criticize the treatment shown in 'Thin,' but we
should not forget that some of what we object to in that treatment is simply
baked into our way of offering medical care. And we shouldn't forget all
the women who say that they found this treatment helpful. Perhaps some
of the empathic capacities of the caregivers managed to break through
the cultural grip of our ideas about medical knowledge.
Saturday, October 29, 2016
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